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El Pato de Collar
Especies Focales Principales
Si ves a alguien dándole de comer pan a los patos en un parque, lo más probable es que sean Patos de Collar. A los Patos de Collar se les encuentra en lagunas, parques sitios pantanosos y estanques naturales en toda Norte América y Eurasia. Se le considera el pato más fácil de reconocer. El macho tiene la cabeza de color verde metálico, sus flancos son grises, tiene un crespo negro en la cola que en conjunto ameritan para que sea considerado el pato más fácil de identificar. Por muchísimo tiempo, los Patos de Collar han sido cazados para comer, y casi todos los patos domésticos vienen de esta especie.
Distribución
Hábitat
Los Patos de Collar se encuentran en casi todos los hábitats pantanosos, incluyendo humedales, ciénagas, orillas de ríos, zonas inundadas, lagunas, lagos, embalses, lagunas de parques urbanos, granjas y estuarios. También se les encuentra en depresiones de terrenos pantanosos, en las praderas y en pantanos de temporada. También, se les puede ver comiendo en las orillas de los caminos, pastizales, cultivos y plantaciones de arroz.
Alimentación
Los Patos de Collar son generalistas cuando de dieta se trata. Ellos comen una gran variedad de alimentos. No se sumergen por completo pero chapotean para comer, sumergiendo la cabeza hasta alcanzar la vegetación acuática. Además, nadan en busca de comida en las orillas, o buscan en la tierra entre la vegetación circundante. Durante la época de reproducción, los Patos de Collar se alimentan principalmente de animales, incluyendo larvas de insectos acuáticos, lombrices, caracoles, y camarones de rio. Durante la migración, muchos Patos de Collar prefieren comer semillas y otros granos. En los parques urbanos, aceptan los manojos de lo que les dan los visitantes.
Comportamiento
Los Patos de Collar son abundantes en los parques urbanos y suburbanos debido a que los visitantes de los parques los alimentan. Se pueden volver muy mansos y accesibles en el parque. Sin embargo, en áreas más silvestres y donde a los Patos de Collar se les caza intensamente, ellos pueden ser muy temerosos de las personas que se les acercan. Es común que se relacionen o se reproduzcan con otros patos de superficie. Los Patos de Collar exhiben una gama enorme de comportamientos, que pueden fascinar a los observadores que deseen descifrarlos. Muchas de sus conductas son versiones ritualizadas de acciones comunes: los machos pueden enfrentar a otros con una inclinación de cabeza, amenazar al agresor con el pico abierto, o empujarlo de pecho a pecho. Los machos con pareja defienden sus territorios con persecuciones intensas y acrobáticas hacia los invasores. Durante el cortejo, los machos menean o giran la cabeza de lado a lado, miran sobre sus hombros, o se levantan sobre el agua aleteando con las alas extendidas. Es común que varios machos a la vez rodeen a una hembra para cortejarla. Las hembras animan a los machos asintiendo con sus cabezas de adelante hacia atrás, o nadando con su cabeza inclinada hacia abajo.
Anidación
La hembra construye una depresión o cuenca en el suelo, sobre tierra húmeda. Ella no transporta los materiales para hacer el nido; en cambio, ella tironea de vegetación alrededor de ella y la acomoda mientras está posada sobre la cuenca. Durante el periodo en que pone sus huevos, ella recubre el nido con pastos, hojas, y ramitas a su alrededor. Además, arranca vegetación más grande para esconder su nido y a sí misma. Durante el periodo de incubación, la hembra se arranca plumas del pecho y las usa para cubrir los huevos y el interior del nido. Cuando el nido está terminado, su profundidad es de 1 a 6 pulgadas, y su diámetro interior mide de 6 a 9 pulgadas.
Apariencia
Sonidos Típicos
© Mike Andersen / Macaulay Library
Tamaño y Apariencia
Los Patos de Collar son aves grades, de cuerpos robustos, cabezas redondas, y picos anchos y planos. Como muchos otros patos de superfficie, el Pato de collar tiene un cuerpo alargado y su cola sobresale fuera del agua dándole una apariencia mocha. En vuelo sus alas son anchas y apuntan hacia atrás.
Colores del Ave
Los machos del Pato de Collar tienen la cabeza de color verde oscuro iridiscente y un pico amarillo brillante. Su cuerpo gris está entre su pecho café y rabadilla negra. Las hembras y los patos jóvenes son de color café jaspeado con manchas negras en sus picos anaranjados. Ambos sexos presentan un parche (espéculum) azul con borde blanco en el ala.
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Fotos de la Especie
Especies Parecidas
En el este de Norte América, el Pato Sombrío se parece a la hembra del Pato de Collar, pero su cuerpo es más oscuro, su pico es amarillo verdoso, y tiene una franja morada en las alas que carece de blanco en el borde. Sin embargo, la identificación de estas dos especies puede llegar a ser complicada, debido a que híbridos ocurren con frecuencia entre las dos especies. En la costa sureste, el Pato Tejano también se asemeja a la hembra del Pato de Collar, pero es más oscuro, y tiene sólo una manchita negra en la base del pico; además, carece de blanco en la franja del borde de las alas. Las hembras del Pato Friso tienen un pico mas fino, con una línea naranja a lo largo del borde, y a veces presentan una franja blanca en el pliegue del ala. El Pato Cucharón Norteño tiene un pico notoriamente más grande y ancho que cualquier otro pato. Su apariencia es diferente a la del Pato de Collar: su vientre y los costados son marrón contrastando con el blanco del pecho y la parte inferior de la cola. Además de tener un pico grande, el Pato Cucharón Norteño es en general más pálido en su apariencia, con varios tonos de café y beige distribuidos por el cuerpo. Las cabezas verdes del Mergo Copetón y Mergo Mayor sólo en apariencia se parecen a la del Pato de Collar macho porque la silueta y comportamiento de estas aves es muy diferente: los mergos tiene una silueta alargada y fina, y sus picos son más delgados que los del Pato de Collar. Además, los mergos se sumergen en el agua por completo en vez de sólo sumergir la cabeza como lo hace el Pato de Collar.
¿Sabías que…?
- El Pato de Collar se inmoviliza, o se hace el muerto cuando un zorro lo captura. A veces el zorro se confunde, afloja su presa, y el Pato de collar logra escapar.
- Los Patos de Collar elijen a su pareja mucho antes de la época de apareamiento que es en la primavera. Ellos forman parejas en el otoño, y se cortejan durante todo el invierno. Sólo la hembra incuba los huevos y cuida las crías.