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Junco de Ojo Oscuro
Especies Regionales
Los Juncos de Ojo Oscuro son aves pequeñas y elegantes, incluso llamativas, que revolotean en el suelo de los bosques de las montañas al oeste de Canadá, e invaden el resto de Norteamérica durante el invierno. Son fáciles de reconocer por sus marcas bien definidas, aunque muy variables, y el blanco brillante de las plumas de su cola, las cuales habitualmente destellan durante el vuelo. Es una de las aves más abundantes en Norteamérica, a la cual puedes observar en senderos de bosques, y también en grupos alimentándose en comederos para aves o cerca de ellos.
Distribución
Hábitat
Los Juncos de Ojo Oscuro se reproducen en bosques a lo largo de casi todo Norteamérica, y a elevaciones que van desde el nivel del mar hasta 11000 pies (3353 m) de altura. Se encuentran muy a menudo en bosques de coníferas, como: pinos, abetos de Douglas, abetos y piceas, y también en bosques de árboles de hoja caduca como: álamos, Álamos de Virginia, robles, arces y nogales. Durante el invierno o la migración, suelen habitar una mayor variedad de lugares, la cual incluye bosques, campos, carreteras, parques y jardines.
Alimentación
Los Juncos de Ojo Oscuro son mayormente consumidores de semillas, especialmente de pamplina, alforfón, bledos, alazán, y otras similares, las cuales representan alrededor de un 75% de su dieta a lo largo del año. En comederos para aves ellos prefieren las semillas de mijo por sobre las de girasol. Durante la temporada de reproducción también comen insectos, por ejemplo: escarabajos, polillas, mariposas, orugas, hormigas, avispas y moscas.
Comportamiento
Durante la búsqueda de alimento, los Juncos de Ojo Negro van saltando por el suelo en vez de caminar, picoteando o rasguñando la hojarasca, o revoloteando en la parte baja de arbustos mientras recolectan comida desde ramas y palos. A veces despegan del suelo para coger insectos del tronco de árboles. Durante el vuelo, aletean constantemente y mueven su cola, lo que hace que destelle el plumaje superficial blanco de ésta. Su vuelo es muy ágil, debido a que tiene que maniobrar en entornos muy intrincados. Los machos juncos son muy territoriales en verano, y espantan a los intrusos con vuelos rápidos y fuertes llamados. Cuando el macho corteja a la hembra, aletea o abre sus alas y cola; pareciera que la hembra prefiere a aquellos que tienen más blanco en su cola. Durante el invierno, el Junco de Ojo Negro forma bandadas muy numerosas, y en donde sus rangos coinciden, se les puede ver mezclados con otras sub-especies. También busca su alimento acompañado de gorriones y azulejos. Los juncos típicamente se organizan por una jerarquía o por su fuerza, y aquellos que llegan a la bandada antes tienden a tener un rango más alto que los que llegan después.
Anidación
Las hembras son las que construyen el nido, usando su pico para tejerle materiales y su cuerpo para darle la forma. Los nidos pueden variar bastante dependiendo del lugar en donde son construidos. Algunas veces, los nidos en el suelo solo tienen una fina cubierta de pastos o agujas de pinos. Otras veces, pueden ser construidos usando una fundación de palos, ramas y musgo grueso, y luego recubiertos con pastos, helechos, raicillas, pelo, y pequeños pedazos de musgos. Usualmente toma de 3 a 7 días construir el nido, y una vez terminado sus dimensiones son de 3 a 5.5 pulgadas (7.6 a 14.2 cm) de largo, 2.4 a 2.8 pulgadas (6.1 a 7.1 cm) de diámetro, y 1.6 a 2.8 pulgadas (4.0 a 7.1 cm) de profundidad. Los juncos raramente reutilizan nidos.
Apariencia
Sonidos Típicos
© Jay McGowan / Macaulay Library
Tamaño y Apariencia
El Junco de Ojo Negro es un gorrión de tamaño medio, con una gran cabeza redonda, un pico corto y fuerte, y una cola larga y puntiaguda.
Color
Los Juncos tienen distintos colores a lo largo del país (ver diferencias por región), pero en general son aves de un gris oscuro o café, adornadas con un pico rosado y plumas superficiales blancas en su cola, las cuales se muestran abiertas periódicamente, particularmente durante el vuelo.
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Fotos de la Especie
Especies Parecidas
Al extremo sur de Arizona y en Nuevo México, el Junco Ojo Lumbre se parece al Junco de Ojo Negro por su dorso rojo y cabeza gris, pero tiene unos curiosos ojos amarillos y un pico mitad negro arriba, y mitad amarillo abajo. Observadores de aves novatos suelen confundirse con el Papamoscas Negro, que es un atrapamoscas de California y el suroeste. Los Papamoscas negros tienen un color pizarra muy similar al del Junco de Ojo Negro, pero se comportan de forma muy distinta: tienen la postura erguida de los atrapamoscas, cabeza grande y tendencia a pararse en postes. La hembra del Rascador Manchado puede parecerse también a la variante de Oregon del Junco de Ojo Negro, pero tiene una sombra café en la cabeza y espalda, y grandes puntos blancos en las alas y el dorso.
¿Sabías que…?
- El Junco de Ojo Negro más viejo registrado tenía al menos 11 años y 4 meses de edad, cuando fue recapturado y liberado durante operaciones de marcaje en West Virginia.
- Los juncos son “pájaros de nieve” en latitudes medias. A lo largo de la mayoría del este de Estados Unidos, aparecen con el invierno y se retiran al norte en cada primavera. Algunos juncos se quedan todo el año en las Montañas Apalaches, reproduciéndose a mayores altitudes. Estas poblaciones tienen alas más cortas que las que migran y se les unen en cada invierno; las alas largas son mejores para vuelos largos. Este patrón se ha observado comúnmente en otros estudios que comparan especies migratorias versus residentes.
- El Junco de Ojo Negro es una de las aves más comunes en Norteamérica, y puede ser encontrada a lo largo de todo el continente, desde Alaska hasta México, de California a Nueva York. Una estimación reciente determinó que la población total de juncos es de aproximadamente 630 millones.