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Guía de Aves

Carbonero de Gorra Oscura

Especies Regionales

Un ave que se considera universalmente “linda” gracias a su cabeza de gran tamaño, cuerpo pequeño, y curiosidad ante todo; incluidos los humanos. Son distintivos en él: su gorra y babero negros, típico de los carboneros; sus alas y cola grises; y sus partes bajas blanquecinas con amarillo pálido en los costados. Su hábito de investigar a la gente, o cualquier otra cosa en su territorio, y su habilidad para descubrir rápidamente comederos para pájaros, le hacen una de las aves que las personas primero aprenden a identificar.

Distribución


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range map
Explora en un mapa interactivo de eBird Sightings
habitat icon

Hábitat

Los carboneros se encuentran en bosques de hoja caduca y mixtos, bosques abiertos, parques, espesuras de sauces, huertos de algodón y otras áreas intervenidas.

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Alimentación

En invierno, los Carboneros de Gorra Oscura se alimentan, aproximadamente, una mitad de semillas, bayas y otros alimentos de origen vegetal, y otra mitad de comida de origen animal (insectos, arañas, manteca, y a veces grasa y trozos de carne de cadáveres congelados). En primavera, verano y otoño, los insectos y las arañas representan alrededor de un 80% a un 90% de su dieta. En comederos para aves ellos prefieren mayormente las semillas de girasol, maní, manteca, mantequilla de maní y gorgojos. Cuando comen semillas, hacen primero un agujero en la cáscara, para luego extraer y comer pequeños bocados del interior mientras expanden el agujero al mismo tiempo.

behavior icon

Comportamiento

Los Carboneros son aves activas, acrobáticas, curiosas, sociales, y que viven en bandadas, asociándose frecuentemente con: carpinteros, bajapalos, chipes, víreos y otras especies de aves pequeñas de bosque. Se alimentan de insectos y semillas, aunque cuando lo hacen toman una distancia de varios metros unos de otros. La bandada tiene muchos cantos con diferentes significados, los cuales podrían presentar características similares al lenguaje humano.

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Anidación

Machos y hembras carboneros hacen un agujero en el suelo, el cual es usualmente escogido por la hembra. Una vez la cámara del nido es excavada (en promedio 21 cm de profundidad), la hembra construye el tazón del nido, escondida dentro del agujero, usando musgos y otros materiales resistentes para las fundaciones, y lo reviste luego con materiales suaves como pelo de conejo.

Apariencia

Sonidos Típicos

Chickadees
icon-chickadee.png

© Jay McGowan / Macaulay Library

Tamaño y Apariencia

Esta pequeña ave tiene un cuello corto y una cabeza grande, lo que le da su distintiva forma corporal redonda. Tiene también una cola larga y delgada, y alas cortas, las cuales son más delgadas que las de un chipe pero más gruesas que las de un pinzón.

Colores del Ave

Su gorra y babero son de color negro, sus mejillas blancas, su espalda gris claro, sus alas grises con bordes blancos, y en la parte baja es amarillo pálido en los costados y variando a blanco hacia el pecho. Su gorra se extiende hacia abajo, justo hasta sus ojos negros, lo que hace que ver sus pequeños ojos sea complicado.


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Fotos de la Especie

Especies Parecidas

El Carbonero de Carolina es la especie más parecida al Carbonero de Gorra Oscura, aunque sus rangos de distribución coinciden solo en una reducida zona en la parte centro-norte de Estados Unidos; tiene menos plumas blancas en el borde de sus alas, y cantos más largos que el Carbonero de Gorra Oscura. El Carbonero de Ceja Blanca podría encontrarse junto a los Carboneros de Gorra Oscura en el oeste, sin embargo, el primero se distingue por su marcada franja blanca como ceja sobre sus ojos. El Carbonero Boreal tiene gorra y espalda negras, y el Carbonero de Espalda Castaña tiene una llamativa espalda café. El Bajapalos de Pecho Blanco tiene una figura más delgada, una cola más corta y un pico más largo. En primavera, el Chipe de Gorra Negra macho tiene la espalda y el babero negros, y mejillas blancas, aunque sus costados son de un llamativo rayado y sus patas son amarillas.

¿Sabías que…?

  • El Carbonero de Gorra Oscura almacena semillas y otros alimentos para comerlos después. Cada ítem es ubicado en un lugar diferente y el Carbonero puede recordar hasta mil escondites distintos.
  • Cada otoño el Carbonero de Gorra Oscura deja morir neuronas que contienen información antigua, reemplazándolas por neuronas nuevas que pueden adaptarse a los cambios sociales en la bandada y el medio ambiente, a pesar de su pequeño cerebro.
  • Las llamadas de los Carboneros son complejas y similares a un lenguaje, el cual es capaz de comunicar información sobre identidades y reconocimiento de otras bandadas, así como también puede servir para alertar la presencia de depredadores y para contactarse. Mientras más sonidos “dii” tenga un canto tipo “chickadii-dii-dii”, mayor el nivel de alerta.