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La Golondrina Tijereta
Especies Focales Principales
Azul cobalto brillante por encima, y pardo por debajo, las Golondrinas Tijereta se abalanzan en picada y a ras sobre los campos abiertos, patios de los establos y sobre extensiones de agua, donde buscan y cazan insectos. Para identificarlas durante su vuelo ágil y veloz, búscalas por su cola larga y bifurcada que se destaca en su parte trasera, y la distingue de las otras golondrinas de Norte América. Las Golondrinas Tijereta suelen volar a ras de la superficie, volando a sólo una pulgadas sobre el suelo o el agua. Haciéndole honor a su nombre, estas golondrinas construyen nidos de barro en forma de tazas en casi exclusivamente construcciones hechas por humanos.
Distribución
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Hábitat
En casi todo el continente, Las Golondrinas Tijeretas salen a cazar en áreas abiertas, tales como parques en los suburbios y chanchas de deporte, campos agrícolas, playas, y sobre la superficie de lagos, lagunas, y orillas costeras. Se les encuentra desde el nivel del mar hasta los 10,000 pies de altura. Las áreas donde anidan, deben tener espacios abiertos para cazar, construcciones o precipicios altos para construir sus nidos, y un lugar de donde sacar barro para construirlos, tales como las orillas de los ríos.
Alimentación
La mayor parte de la dieta de la Golondrina Tijereta se basa en Moscas de todo tipo, a las que se suman escarabajos, abejas, avispas, hormigas, mariposas, polillas, y otros insectos voladores. Estas Golondrinas generalmente se alimentan de insectos relativamente grandes, y de a uno a la vez, en vez de alimentarse de enjambres de insectos pequeños. También tragan arena y piedras pequeñas, cáscaras de huevos, o conchas de ostras abandonadas por los humanos, lo que puede ayudar en la digestión de los insectos o a incorporar el calcio necesario en su dieta.
Comportamiento
Observa los aleteos suaves y rítmicos de las Golondrinas Tijereta y cómo apuntan las puntas de sus alas hacia atrás al final de cada aleteo. Estas aves se alimentan casi exclusivamente en vuelo, y vuelan a ras de la superficie mucho más bajo que otras otras golondrinas, casi arrastrándose por el suelo o la superficie del agua. Ellas cazan moscas y otra presas en el aire sobre campos, pantanos, lagos, orillas de ríos, y a menudo siguen maquinaria agrícola, rebaños de ganado y humanos, para cazar insectos que vayan quedando atrás. Ocasionalmente se alimentan de insectos lentos o muertos que encuentran en el suelo, y cuando hace frio, arrancan moscas de las paredes de los graneros. Las Golondrinas también toman agua y se bañan en vuelo; sumergen la cabeza para tomar un trago de agua, o tocan la superficie del agua con su barriga para lavarse. Los machos defienden un territorio pequeño alrededor del nido, y ahuyentan agresivamente a otros machos, incluso hasta los agarran con las patas y los tumban al suelo. Solas o en bandadas, las Golondrinas Tijeretas atacan a depredadores tales como halcones, gaviotas, o zanates, cuando esto se acercan a nido.
Anidación
El macho y la hembra construyen el nido con barro. Las Golondrinas acumulan el lodo en sus picos y a menudo lo mezclan con pasto para hacer gránulos. Primero construyen una plataforma pequeña para posarse, y siguen construyendo los costados del nido hacia arriba. Si el nido lo construyen contra la pared u otra superficie vertical, el resultado es un nido semicircular en forma de media taza. Los nidos hechos encima de una viga u otra superficie horizontal tienen la forma de una taza que mide aproximadamente tres pulgadas de ancho y 2 pulgadas de profundidad. Estas golondrinas primero recubren el interior del nido con pasto, después con plumas, y si residen en colonias, pueden llegar a robar materiales de los nidos vecinos para construir el propio. Cuando reúsan los nidos, las golondrinas limpian las plumas viejas y ponen lodo fresco en sus bordes.
Apariencia
Sonidos Típicos
© Dave Herr / Macaulay Library
Tamaño y Apariencia
Cuando se posan, las Golondrinas Tijereta, que son del tamaño de un gorrión, parecen tener forma de cono, con una cabeza levemente aplanada, un cuello que no es visible, y hombros anchos que se extienden hacia las alas largas y puntiagudas. La cola se extiende bastante mas allá de las puntas de las alas y sus plumas largas en los bordes le dan a la cola un aspecto de profunda bifurcación.
Color del Ave
Las Golondrinas Tijereta tienen la espalda y la parte superior de las alas y la cola de color azul metálico, mientras que su plumaje inferior y del abdomen es pardo rojizo. La corona y la cara azul contrastan con la frente y la garganta de color canela. Tienen puntos blancos bajo la cola pero son difíciles de ver cuando están en vuelo. Los machos tienen colores más intensos que las hembras.
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Fotos de la Especie
Adult (American)
© Mason Maron / Macaulay Library
Adult (American)
© Ryan Sanderson / Macaulay Library
Adult (White-bellied)
© Erkki Lehtovirta / Macaulay Library
Adult (White-bellied)
© Pavel Štěpánek / Macaulay Library
Adult (Buff-bellied)
© Itamar Donitza / Macaulay Library
Adult (Tytler's)
© Andrew Spencer / Macaulay Library
Adult (Levant)
© Eric Francois Roualet / Macaulay Library
Adult (Egyptian)
© Fabio Olmos / Macaulay Library
Adult (American)
© Ad Konings / Macaulay Library
Adult (American)
© Ryan Sanderson / Macaulay Library
Adult (White-bellied)
© Huw Roberts / Macaulay Library
Juvenile (American)
© Farshad Pourmalek / Macaulay Library
Immature (Levant)
© yuda siliki / Macaulay Library
Juvenile (White-bellied)
© Teresa Cohen / Macaulay Library
Juvenile (American)
© Laure Wilson Neish / Macaulay Library
Adult (American)
© Ryan Sanderson / Macaulay Library
Adult (American)
© Jay McGowan / Macaulay Library
Flock (American)
© George Gerdts / Macaulay LibraryEspecies Parecidas
Especies pareceidas
Ninguna de las otras Golondrinas norteamericanas tiene la cola con una bifurcación tan profunda como la Golondrina Tijereta. Las Golondrinas Bicolor y las Golondrinas Verde Tornasol, tienen desde la garganta al abdomen de un color blanco brillante. Las Golondrinas Risqueras tienen el mismo azul brillante que las Golondrinas Tijeretas en la espalda y alas y la garganta rojiza, pero su frente es pálida y su rabadilla es crema. Los Vencejos de Chimenea y los de Vaux son aves más pequeñas, de alas mas delgadas y curvas, y aleteos más tiesos. Los Vencejos son completamente oscuros y suelen volar mucho más alto que las Golondrinas Tijereta.
¿Sabías que…?
- La Golondrina Tijereta es la golondrina de mayor distribución en el mundo.
- Cuando a alimentan sus polluelos, las Golondrinas Tijereta acarrean varios insectos a la vez haciendo una bola con ellos que cargan en su garganta hasta llegar al nido. Una pareja de golondrinas puede llevar más de 400 raciones de comida a sus polluelos al día.
- Las Golondrinas Tijerata solían anidar en cuevas, pero ahora anidan casi exclusivamente en construcciones hechas por humanos.
- El hecho de que estas golondrinas tengan una asociación tan cercana con los humanos, les ha dado un puesto prominente en la cultura. Hay una leyenda que cuenta que una Golondrina Tijereta consoló a Cristo en la cruz, y otra que cuenta que la razón por la que esta golondrina tiene la cola partida en dos es porque le robó fuego a los dioses para llevárselo a la gente, perdiendo las plumas del centro de su cola cuando una deidad enfurecida le lanzó una antorcha mientras escapaba.
- Las hembras golondrinas prefieren aparearse con los machos que tienen las colas más largas y simétricas.
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