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Colibrí Garganta Morada
El Colibrí de Garganta Morada es un colibrí pequeño de espalda verde, que habita en el oeste de Norte América. Carece de colores brillantes en su garganta, excepto por una banda delgada de color morado iridiscente que bordea su barbilla, y que sólo es visible cuando la luz le da en el ángulo preciso. Los Colibrís de Garganta Morada tienen una distribución excepcionalmente variada; se les encuentra desde el desierto hasta en los bosques de la montañas; además, muchos pasan el invierno en la costa del Golfo de México. Suele posarse en la parte más alta de ramas desnudas. Este colibrí produce con sus alas un sonido de tono grave.
Distribución
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Hábitat
Se le encuentra en el oeste de Norte América, y es más común en las quebradas y cañones a lo largo de los ríos. En zonas áridas, se le ve con frecuencia alrededor de álamos, sicomoros, sauces, cedros, y robles. Durante el invierno, los Colibrís de Garganta Morada que emigran a la costa del Golfo de México se les puede ver a la sombra de los robles.
Alimentación
Néctar de las flores, insectos pequeños, y arañas. También consumen agua azucarada de comederos.
Comportamiento
Después de haber comido, puede que se pose por varios minutos en una rama desnuda en lo alto, desde donde observa el área y sus alrededores. Caza insectos en vuelo, en flores o en el suelo. En el caso de las arañas, cuando estás se encuentran desplazándose de un lugar a otro colgando de una hebra de su seda, es cuando estos colibrís las atrapan en el aire. También puede que vuelen desde una rama para cazar un solo insecto, y vuelvan a posarse, o cazar varios insectos en sucesión rápida en un enjambre. El Colibrí de Garganta Morada saca el néctar de las flores extendiendo su lengua en la corola mientras revolotea frente a la flor. Durante el cortejo y la defensa de su territorio, los machos se lanzan en picada desde una altura de 66 a 100 pies (20 a 30 metros).
Anidación
Cuando está recién construido, el nido del Colibrí de Garganta Morada es un tazón compacto y profundo, hecho de material vegetal, seda de araña, y fibras de crisálidas. A medida que los polluelos crecen, el nido se expande y se vuelve más ancho y plano. Los nidos en zonas más frías tienen paredes más gruesas que los nidos en zonas más calurosas.
Apariencia
Sonidos Típicos
© William W. H. Gunn / Macaulay Library
Tamaño y Apariencia
El Colibrí Garganta Morada es pequeño, delgado, y con un pico bastante derecho.
Color
El Colibrí Garganta Morada es de color verde metálico opaco en la espalda, y un gris blanquecino en el pecho y vientre. Los machos tienen una garganta negra aterciopelada, con un borde morado iridiscente en la base. La hembras tienen una garganta pálida. En ambos sexos, los flancos son de un verde metálico opaco. En las hembras, las tres plumas mas externas de la cola tienen puntas anchas y blancas. Su pico es negro.
Comportamiento
Revolotea alrededor de las flores y los comederos. De vez en cuando, se lanza como un bólido errático para cazar insectos en enjambres. El Colibrí Garganta Morada se posa en ramas altas y desnudas para observar el territorio y avistar a competidores y ahuyentarlos, o ver insectos en vuelo para atraparlos en el aire. Mientras corteja y defiende su territorio, el macho puede lanzarse en picada desde una altura de 66 a 100 pies (20 a 30 metros).
Hábitat
Se le ve con frecuencia en comederos y ramas muertas de árboles altos. El Colibrí Garganta Morada es un generalista de los hábitats. Se le encuentra en los desiertos de baja altura y en bosques en las montañas; en hábitats naturales, tanto como en áreas urbanizadas, por su puesto, siempre y cuando hayan árboles altos, y enredaderas y arbustos floreciendo.
Fotos de la Especie
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Especies Parecidas
La garganta negra del macho con su borde morado intenso en su base es un buen diagnóstico; sin embargo, las gargantas brillantes de otros colibrís y zumbadores pueden parecer negras cuando hay poca luz, y el borde morado puede no verse, si la luz no le da en el ángulo adecuado. La garganta entera y la frente del Colibrí de Cabeza Violeta y del Colibrí de Cabeza Roja son moradas. El Colibrí de Cabeza Violeta tiene puntas anchas que se extienden por los costados de la gorguera , las que no tiene el Colibrí de Garganta Morada. Es muy difícil distinguir la hembra del Colibrí de Garganta Morada de las otras colibrís hembras en el área. Que comparten la misma distribución geográfica. Los Colibrís de Garganta Morada pareciesen tener un pico largo y un cuello fino, y se les nota una collar blanco cuando están posados. Para distinguirlos de las hembras del Colibrí de Garganta Rubí donde sus distribuciones geográficas coinciden, mira con cuidado la pluma del ala más distal mientras está en vuelo: tiene la forma de un cuchillo en el Colibrí de Garganta Rubí y la forma de un garrote en el Colibrí de Garganta Morada. Si te fijas, y ves una antena plumosa apuntando hacia delante, o si ves un pico que se enrolla y desenrolla, no es un ave, es una polilla parecida a un colibrí.
- Como ocurre en la mayoría de las especies de colibrís y zumbadores, las hembras son más pesadas en promedio que los machos, y los polluelos llegan a ser más pesados en promedio que sus padres.
- Siguiendo algunos de los ríos del sur de Arizona y el sur de Nuevo México, los nidos de Colibrís Garganta Morada se pueden encontrar casi cada 100 metros.
- Éste es uno de los colibrís que se adapta con más facilidad. Se le encuentra con frecuencia en áreas urbanas, hábitats manejados para la conveniencia humana, y por su puesto, en áreas naturales prístinas.
- Durante la migración, estos colibrís rara vez se quedan por más de un día en el área de un comedero, incluso cuando la comida escasea.
- La lengua del Colibrí de Garganta Morada tiene dos surcos; el néctar sube por ellos por capilaridad, y el colibrí entonces, retracta la lengua y extrae el néctar en su boca. Puede sacar la lengua del pico casi cerrado a una velocidad de 13 a 17 lamidos por segundo, y consume un promedio de 0.61 mililitros (aprox. 1/5 of Fl. Oz.) en una comida. En tiempo frio, puede consumir néctar equivalente a tres veces su peso, en sólo un día. Pueden sobrevivir sin néctar, si consiguen suficientes insectos para comer.
- El Colibrí de Garganta Morada no se atrae tan fácilmente con el color rojo, como con los colores de fuentes de néctar frescas.
- Los huevos del Colibrí de Garganta Morada son del tamaño aproximado de un grano de café. Su nido, hecho de material vegetal y seda de arañas e insectos, se expande a medida que los polluelos crecen.
- El Colibrí de Garganta Morada más viejo que se ha registrado, llegó a vivir 10 años y un mes.